Farm Landscape Design under SFWFR: layers of a food forest & sustainability in Borigumma, Odisha

The agroforestry with multi-use and production systems provide services such as erosion control and watershed recharge while producing forest products and crops for livestock, which would be the perfect fit for farm land of many farmers.

Community's agriculture Landscape design

Land-use planning should potentially intervened with agroforestry and farm restoration (planting multifunctional native tree varieties). Activities like reducing open spaces & eliminating exposure of chemicals on farmland, preventing logging & land-use conflicts, and reforestation on degraded village common land with stakeholder’s participation are the immediate need for a project in the work area. I would instead refer to ideal landscape use as proposed by Dr. Víctor Arroyo -Rodríguez in Heterogeneity of Human-Modified Tropical Forests: Looking for an ideal landscape (>40% of forest cover with 20% of continuous forest, and 20% of

Enhance the spatial distribution of species with multifunctional landscapes that further facilitate the natural living of its inhabitants by incorporating and ensure integrated alternate sustainable livelihood opportunities for the community such as apiculture, sericulture, lac cultivation, gum and resin, medicinal and aromatic plants.

fragmented patches) having Heterogeneous anthropogenic matrix with reduced land-use intensification, e.g., with isolated trees, living fences, a limited portion of open areas with the introduction of integrated organic agriculture practices to maintain the complexity of proposed modified tropical agricultural landscapes preserving biodiversity, ecological services, resilience, and sustainability. Also, in the pursuit of these goals, I assume that regulating land use will change the patterns of human behavior and that these changes would be beneficial for all species in terms of understanding connection and maintaining ecological balance and environment. The first assumption that regulating land-use changes the patterns of human behavior is widely accepted. However, the second assumption - that these changes are beneficial - is contested and depends on the location and regulations. However, in Borigumma, the majority (70% of the farmers) maintain the opinion poll towards benefits to maintain biodiversity in the area and farmland for better eco-services, environment, and human well-being.

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Land use planning with integration of forestry and agriculture that includes many different strategies of planting native trees such as (few to name from the list of 125 species):

• Nitrogen-fixing trees - Pongamia pinnata, Sesbania grandiflora, Sesbania sesban, etc., which increase the amount of nitrogen available to crops.

• Medicinal trees: - Phyllanthus Emblica (Amla), Azadirachta Indica (Neem), Terminalia Arjuna (Arjun), Ficus benghalensis (Banyan), Indica religosa (peepal), Ficus racemose, Curcuma longa Linn (Haridra), Terminalia Bellirica (Baheda), Santalum Album (Chandan), Moringa Oliferia (Moringa) etc.

• Fruit trees: Banana, Indian Mango, Guava, Barringtonia acutangular (Barcoli), Anacardium occidentale (cashew), Dillenia Indica (elephant apple or carmbel), Papaya, Madhica Longifolia (Mohua), etc.

• Fodder tree: Morus alba (mulberry), Simarouba (Simarua), Gliricidia sepium (Giripushp)  Commercial Timber variety: Tectona Grandis (Teak), Dalbergia Sissoo (Sishoo)

• Firewood tree: Vachellia Nilotica (Babool), Leucaena Leucocephala (Subabool), Sennaocciden Talis (Bana Chakunda), etc.

• Multipurpose: Aegle Marmelos (Bel), Tamarindus Indica (Imli), Artocarpus heterophyllus (Kathal), Senna siamea (Kassod), Moringa Oliferia (Moringa), Flemingia macrophylla, etc.

Matching the tree (both colonizing or intermediate pioneers from available tree nurseries in the area and wildings) species to the site conditions, we select the correct size and quality of planting stock for each site following relay floristic method suit better for secondary succession (with stand initiation pathway) on degraded soil conditions in most of the agriculture and forest lands. Use the agroforestry system as a nurse; short-term species like Gliricidia, Lucina, etc., are very effective in creating light shade very fast over ground cover as soon as other species overtop them, they die being shade intolerant. Larger, more robust plants are generally favored on re-stock areas to withstand the more difficult conditions on these sites. In comparison, smaller plants are used where growing conditions are more favorable.